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The World Wide Web (WWW) now is widely used as a universal medium for information exchange. Semantic interoperability among different information systems in the WWW is limited due to information heterogeneity problem. Ontologies have been suggested as a way to solve this problem. Given that no universal ontology exists for the WWW, work has focused on finding semantic correspondences between similar elements of different ontologies, i.e., ontology mapping. Ontology mapping can be done either by hand or using automated tools. Manual mapping becomes impractical as the size and complexity of ontologies increases. Fully or semi-automated mapping approaches have been examined by different research studies, e.g., analyzing linguistic information of elements in ontologies, treating ontologies as structural graphs, applying heuristic rules to look for specific mapping patterns and machine learning techniques. This paper proposes a new generic and scalable ontology mapping approach, which takes advantage of propagation theory, information retrieval technique and artificial intelligence model to solve ontology mapping problem. The major procedures of the proposed approach are profile enrichment, profile propagation, IR-based profile mapping and the interactive activation network based constraints satisfaction. The profile enrichment builds a profile for each element in the ontologies, and thus enriches its information. The profile propagation exploits the neighboring information of each element by passing the profile of the ancestors, descendants or siblings of the element to the profile of itself, with different weights. The IR-based profile mapping process compares the cosine similarity of elements? profiles in a vector space model. Finally the interactive activation network is integrated to deal with the constraints satisfaction problems in the context of ontology mapping.

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Fundamental forms of information, as well as the term
information itself, are defined and developed for the
purposes of information science/studies. Concepts of
natural and represented information (taking an unconventional
sense of representation), encoded and embodied
information, as well as experienced, enacted,
expressed, embedded, recorded, and trace information
are elaborated. The utility of these terms for the discipline
is illustrated with examples from the study of information-
seeking behavior and of information genres.
Distinctions between the information and curatorial
sciences with respect to their social (and informational)
objects of study are briefly outlined.

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Information may be defined as the characteristics of the output of a process, these being informative about the process and the input. This discipline independent definition may be applied to all domains, from physics to epistemology. Hierarchies of processes, linked together, provide a communication channel between each of the corresponding functions and layers in the hierarchies. Models of communication (Shannon), perception, observation, belief, and knowledge are suggested that are consistent with this conceptual framework of information as the value of the output of any process in a hierarchy of processes. Misinformation and errors are considered. ? 1997 John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.

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We discuss information by attempting to operationalize it using: (1) Dervin and Nilan's idea that information is a subjective construct rather than an objective thing; (2) Brookes's idea that information is that which modifies knowledge structure; and (3) Neisser's idea that perception is top-down or schemata driven to the point of paradox. De Mey, Minsky's theory of frames, and top-down and bottom-up models from reading theory are discussed. We conclude that information must be rare because only rare information can modify knowledge structure at its upper levels, and that to modify knowledge structure at its upper levels (its essence) information may have to enter the perception cycle in two stages. ? 1994 John Wiley \& Sons, Inc

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Many competing definitions for the terms data, information, metadata, and knowledge can be traced in the library and information science literature. The lack of a clear consensus in the way reference is made to the corresponding fundamental concepts is intensified if one condiders additional disciplinary perspectives , e.g. database technology, data mining, etc. In the present paper, we use a common sense approach, to selectively survey the literature, and define these terms in a way that can advance the interdisciplinary development of information systems.

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From the perspective of semiotics, ?information? is an ambiguous theoretical concept because the word is used to represent both signifier and signified, both text and content. Using the
work of Fernand de Saussure, this paper explores theoretical possibilities that open by virtue of understanding information as sign. Of particular interest is the way semiotics suggests ways to bridge the theoretical gap between information as thing and information as cognitive phenomenon by positing information as a cultural phenomenon.

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From the perspective of semiotics, ?information? is an ambiguous theoretical concept because the word is used to represent both signifier and signified, both text and content. Using the
work of Fernand de Saussure, this paper explores theoretical possibilities that open by virtue of understanding information as sign. Of particular interest is the way semiotics suggests ways to bridge the theoretical gap between information as thing and information as cognitive phenomenon by positing information as a cultural phenomenon.

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Abstract:

Fundamental forms of information, as well as the term
information itself, are defined and developed for the
purposes of information science/studies. Concepts of
natural and represented information (taking an unconventional
sense of representation), encoded and embodied
information, as well as experienced, enacted,
expressed, embedded, recorded, and trace information
are elaborated. The utility of these terms for the discipline
is illustrated with examples from the study of information-
seeking behavior and of information genres.
Distinctions between the information and curatorial
sciences with respect to their social (and informational)
objects of study are briefly outlined.

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• BibTex

Keywords:

Abstract:

Information may be defined as the characteristics of the output of a process, these being informative about the process and the input. This discipline independent definition may be applied to all domains, from physics to epistemology. Hierarchies of processes, linked together, provide a communication channel between each of the corresponding functions and layers in the hierarchies. Models of communication (Shannon), perception, observation, belief, and knowledge are suggested that are consistent with this conceptual framework of information as the value of the output of any process in a hierarchy of processes. Misinformation and errors are considered. ? 1997 John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.

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